Lipalangoang tsa terene

Lipalangoang tsa literene ke mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa bapalami le thepa ka makoloi a mabili a tsamaeang ka liporo, tse tsejoang hape e le litselana.E boetse e bitsoa lipalangoang tsa terene.Ho fapana le lipalangoang tsa litsela, moo likoloi li tsamaeang sebakeng se lokiselitsoeng se bataletseng, likoloi tsa terene (rolling stock) li tataisoa ka tsela e tobileng ke litsela tseo li tsamaeang ho tsona.Hangata lipina li na le litšepe tsa tšepe, tse kentsoeng holim'a maqhama (li-sleepers) le ballast, eo mokelikeli o tsamaeang, o atisang ho kenngoa ka mabili a tšepe, o tsamaeang.Liphetoho tse ling le tsona li ka khoneha, tse kang pina ea slab, moo li-rails li tlamelloang motheong oa konkreite o lutseng holim'a sebaka se lokiselitsoeng.

Lipalangoang tsa terene hangata li tobana le likhohlano tse tlase ho feta tsa 'mila, kahoo likoloi tsa baeti le tsa thepa (likariki le likariki) li ka kopanngoa hore e be literene tse telele.Ts'ebetso e etsoa ke k'hamphani ea literene, e fanang ka lipalangoang pakeng tsa liteishene tsa terene kapa lisebelisoa tsa bareki ba thepa.Motlakase o fanoa ke literene tse hulang matla a motlakase mochining oa motlakase oa terene kapa li hlahisa matla a tsona, hangata ka lienjine tsa diesel.Lipina tse ngata li tsamaisana le tsamaiso ea lipontšo.Railways ke mokhoa o sireletsehileng oa lipalangoang tsa mobu ha o bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea lipalangoang.[Nb 1] Lipalangoang tsa terene li khona ho sebelisa maemo a holimo a bapalami le thepa le matla a matla, empa hangata ha li feto-fetohe ebile li na le chelete e ngata ho feta lipalangoang tsa litsela, ha maemo a tlase a sephethephethe a nahanoa.

Liporo tsa khale ka ho fetisisa, tse tsamaisoang ke batho ke tsa lekholong la bo6 la lilemo BC, 'me Periander, e mong oa Bahlale ba Supileng ba Greece, a tlotloa ka boqapi ba eona.Lipalangoang tsa literene li ile tsa atleha ka mor'a tsoelo-pele ea Borithane ea seporo sa mouoane e le mohloli o sebetsang oa matla lilemong tsa bo-1900.Ka lienjineri tsa mouoane, motho o ne a ka haha ​​liporo tse kholo, tseo e neng e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea Phetohelo ea Liindasteri.Hape, literene li ile tsa fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaisa likepe, ’me tsa lumella ho fokotsa thepa e lahlehileng, ha ho bapisoa le lipalangoang tsa metsing, tse neng li tobana le ho teba ka linako tse ling ha likepe.Ho fetoha ha likanale ho ea ho liporo ho ile ha etsa hore ho be le “limmaraka tsa naha” tseo ho tsona litheko li neng li fapana haholo ho ea ka litoropo.Ho qaptjoa le nts'etsopele ea seporo Europe e ne e le e 'ngoe ea lintho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa theknoloji ea lekholong la 19th;United States, ho hakanngoa hore ntle le terene, GDP e ka be e theohile ka 7% ka 1890.

Lilemong tsa bo-1880, ho ile ha hlahisoa literene tse nang le motlakase, hape ho ile ha e-ba le li-tramways tsa pele le litsamaiso tse potlakileng tsa lipalangoang.Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1940, linaheng tse ngata liporo tsa literene tse se nang motlakase li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke literene tse tsamaeang ka diesel, 'me mosebetsi o ne o batla o phethoa ka 2000. Lilemong tsa bo-1960, ho ile ha hlahisoa litsamaiso tsa literene tsa lebelo le holimo Japane le hamorao linaha tse ling.Mefuta e meng ea lipalangoang tse tsamaisoang fatše ka ntle ho litlhaloso tsa seporo sa setso, joalo ka monorail kapa maglev, e 'nile ea lekoa empa e se e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o fokolang.Ka mor'a ho fokotseha ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše ka lebaka la tlhōlisano ea likoloi, lipalangoang tsa literene li bile le tsosoloso lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena ka lebaka la tšubuhlellano ea litsela le ho phahama ha theko ea mafura, hammoho le mebuso e tsetelang ka terene e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa mocheso oa CO2 tabeng ea ho tšoenyeha ka. ho futhumala ha lefats'e.