Uthutho lukaloliwe

Uthutho lukaloliwe yindlela yokuthutha abakhweli kunye nempahla kwizithuthi ezinamavili ezihamba koololiwe, ezaziwa ngokuba ziingoma.Ikwabizwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengothutho lukaloliwe.Ngokuchasene nokuthuthwa kwendlela, apho izithuthi zihamba kwindawo ethe tyaba elungisiweyo, izithuthi zikaloliwe (i-rolling stock) zikhokelwa ngendlela ezihamba ngayo.Iingoma ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka iileyili zetsimbi, ezifakwe kwiintambo (abalalayo) kunye ne-ballast, apho i-stock rolling, ngokuqhelekileyo ifakwe ngamavili ensimbi, ihamba.Ezinye iinguqu nazo zinokwenzeka, ezifana nomkhondo we-slab, apho iileyili zibotshelelwe kwisiseko sekhonkrithi esiphumle kwi-subsurface elungiselelwe.

Isitokhwe esiqengqelekayo kwinkqubo yezothutho lukaloliwe sidibana noxhathiso oluphantsi kunezithuthi zendlela, ngoko ke iimoto zabakhweli kunye neemoto (iinqwelo kunye neenqwelo) zinokudityaniswa zibe koololiwe abade.Umsebenzi wenziwa yinkampani kaloliwe, ebonelela ngezothutho phakathi kwezikhululo zikaloliwe okanye izibonelelo zabathengi bempahla.Amandla abonelelwa ngamaziko kaloliwe athi atsale amandla ombane kwisixokelelwano sombane sikaloliwe okanye avelise awawo amandla, aqhele ukusebenzisa iinjini zedizili.Iingoma ezininzi zikhatshwa yinkqubo yomqondiso.Umzila kaloliwe yinkqubo yezothutho yomhlaba ekhuselekileyo xa uthelekisa nezinye iindlela zothutho.[Nb 1] Uthutho lukaloliwe luyakwazi ukusebenzisa amanqanaba aphezulu abantu abakhweli kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, kodwa kaninzi alubhetyebhetye kwaye lusebenzisa imali eninzi kunezothutho zendlela, xa amanqanaba asezantsi ezithuthi ayaqwalaselwa.

Owona mzila kaloliwe umdala, uqhutywa ngabantu ubuyela kwinkulungwane ye-6 BC, kunye nePeriander, enye yeeSages eziSixhenxe zaseGreece, eyathi yasungulwa.Uthutho lukaloliwe lwatyatyamba emva kophuhliso lwaseBritane lwelocomotive yomphunga njengomthombo osebenzayo wamandla kwinkulungwane ye-19.Ngeenjini zomphunga, umntu unokwakha oololiwe abakhulu, ababeyinxalenye ephambili yeNguquko yezoShishino.Kwakhona, oololiwe banciphisa iindleko zokuthumela ngenqanawa, yaye bavumela ukuba kuthotywe iimpahla ezilahlekileyo ezimbalwa, xa kuthelekiswa nezothutho zasemanzini, ezijongene nokutshona kweenqanawa ngamaxesha athile.Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwimisele ukuya kwisiporo sikaloliwe kwavumela ukuba kubekho “imarike yelizwe” apho amaxabiso ayengafani kancinane ukusuka kwisixeko ukuya kwesinye.Ukuveliswa kunye nokuphuhliswa komzila kaloliwe eYurophu yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokwenziwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwinkulungwane ye-19;eUnited States, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphandle kololiwe, i-GDP ibiya kuba ngaphantsi ngesi-7 ekhulwini ngowe-1890.

Ngeminyaka yoo-1880, oololiwe abafakwe umbane baziswa, kwaye neendlela zokuqala zetram kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha ngokukhawuleza zabakho.Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1940, oololiwe abangenambane kumazwe amaninzi baye bathatyathelw’ indawo zizitimela ezisebenza ngedizili, yaye le nkqubo yaphantse yagqitywa ngowama-2000. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, kwaqaliswa umbane kaloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu eJapan yaye kamva ngoo-2000. amanye amazwe.Ezinye iindlela zothutho lwasemhlabeni olukhokelwayo ngaphandle kweenkcazelo zikaloliwe zemveli, ezifana ne-monorail okanye i-maglev, zizanyiwe kodwa zibone ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo.Ukulandela ukuhla emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini ngenxa yokhuphiswano lweemoto, izithuthi zikaloliwe ziye zahlaziywa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ngenxa yokuxinana kweendlela kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli, kunye noorhulumente abatyala imali kuloliwe njengendlela yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kumxholo weenkxalabo malunga. ubushushu bukazwe lonke.