Ezokuthutha ngololiwe

Ukuthutha ngojantshi kuyindlela yokuthutha abagibeli nezimpahla ezimotweni ezinamasondo ezigijima kojantshi, owaziwa nangokuthi amathrekhi.Kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ezokuthutha ngesitimela.Ngokungafani nezokuthutha zomgwaqo, lapho izimoto zigijima endaweni eyisicaba elungisiwe, izimoto zikaloliwe (i-rolling stock) ziqondiswa amathrekhi ezigijima kuwo.Amathrekhi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ama-rails ensimbi, afakwe ezintanjeni (ama-sleepers) kanye ne-ballast, lapho i-stock rolling, ngokuvamile efakwe amasondo ensimbi, ihamba.Okunye ukuhlukahluka kungenzeka, njenge-slab track, lapho ama-rails eboshelwe kusisekelo sikakhonkolo esibekwe endaweni engaphansi elungisiwe.

Izimpahla eziginqikayo ohlelweni lwezokuthutha lukaloliwe ngokuvamile zihlangabezana nokungazwani okuphansi kunezimoto zomgwaqo, ngakho izimoto zabagibeli nezimpahla (amakalishi nezinqola) zingahlanganiswa zibe izitimela ezinde.Umsebenzi wenziwa inkampani yesitimela, ehlinzeka ngezokuthutha phakathi kweziteshi zesitimela noma izinsiza zamakhasimende ezithwala impahla.Amandla ahlinzekwa yizitimela ezidonsa amandla kagesi ohlelweni lokufaka ugesi kukaloliwe noma zikhiqize awazo amandla, ngokuvamile ngezinjini zikadizili.Amathrekhi amaningi ahambisana nesistimu yokusayina.Izitimela ziwuhlelo oluphephile lwezokuthutha ezihamba phansi uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezokuthutha.[Nb 1] Izithuthi zikaloliwe ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa amazinga aphezulu abagibeli nempahla kanye nokuwonga kwamandla, kodwa ngokuvamile aziguquguquki futhi zisebenzisa imali enkulu kunezokuthutha zomgwaqo, lapho kucatshangelwa amazinga aphansi omgwaqo.

Izitimela ezindala kunazo zonke, ezihaqwe abantu zihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 BC, kanti uPeriander, omunye wamaSages Ayisikhombisa aseGreece, atuswa ngokusungulwa kwawo.Ezokuthutha ngojantshi zaqhakaza ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kweBritish locomotive yesitimu njengomthombo osebenzayo wamandla ngekhulu le-19.Ngezinjini zesitimu, umuntu wayengakha imizila yesitimela emikhulu, eyayiyingxenye ebalulekile yeNguquko Yezimboni.Futhi, ojantshi besitimela banciphisa izindleko zokuthutha, futhi bavumela ukulahleka kwezimpahla ezimbalwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nezokuthutha emanzini, okwakubhekana nokucwila kwemikhumbi ngezikhathi ezithile.Ukushintsha ukusuka emiseleni kuya kwezitimela kwavumela “izimakethe zikazwelonke” lapho amanani ayehluka kancane kakhulu edolobheni nedolobha.Ukusungulwa nokuthuthukiswa kukajantshi eYurophu kwakungenye yezinto eziqanjwe kakhulu zobuchwepheshe zekhulu le-19;e-United States, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwesitimela, i-GDP ibizoba ngaphansi ngo-7% ngo-1890.

Ngawo-1880, kwasungulwa izitimela ezifakwe ugesi, kwaphinde kwaba khona ama-tramways okuqala kanye nezinhlelo zokuhamba ngokushesha.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940s, izitimela ezingenagesi emazweni amaningi zathathelwa indawo izitimela zikagesi ezisebenza ngodizili, inqubo yacishe yaqedwa ngo-2000. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1960, kwasungulwa izinhlelo zikaloliwe ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ezifakwe ugesi eJapane futhi kamuva amanye amazwe.Ezinye izinhlobo zokuthutha ezihamba phansi eziqondisiwe ngaphandle kwezincazelo zikaloliwe wendabuko, njenge-monorail noma i-maglev, zizanyiwe kodwa zisetshenziswe okulinganiselwe.Kulandela ukwehla ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II ngenxa yokuncintisana kwezimoto, ezokuthutha ngojantshi ziye zaba nemvuselelo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ngenxa yokuminyana emigwaqweni nokukhuphuka kwamanani kaphethiloli, kanye nohulumeni abatshala imali kukaloliwe njengendlela yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 esimweni sokukhathazeka mayelana. ukushisa kakhulu komhlaba.